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Background: SARS-CoV-2 evokes vigorous humoral immune responses which includes production of virus-specific antibodies of the immunoglobulin IgM, IgG & IgA isotypes. Seroconversion & production of detectable antibodies usually occurs within 20 days of symptom onset, while the kinetics of their production is variable. IgA is the major antibody class in mucosal membranes which plays an important role in SARS-CoV-2 infections. It's response in the early stage of the disease seems to be more pronounced than IgM. Objective(s): To detect the presence of serum IgA antibody response against Spike Receptor Binding Domain & Nucleoprotein of SARSCoV- 2 in naturally infected individuals as well as vaccinated individuals. Material(s) and Method(s): Confirmed RT-PCR Covid positive serum samples were tested by in-house developed SRBD IgA ELISA & N protein IgA ELISA of SARS-CoV-2. The subjects were classified according to the post onset of disease date. Serum samples of vaccinated individuals (Covishield & Covaxin) were assessed to compare IgA response. Result(s): Our results suggest a linear trend in the level of IgA antibody response POD 8 onwards in natural infection. In vaccinated individuals Covaxin groups exhibits a prominent increase in the IgA response in comparison to Covisheld. Conclusion(s): IgA might play an important role in assessing the immune status of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. This study suggests that IgA antibody act as a promising immunological marker for vaccine study.
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Objective: Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are complications of diabetes mellitus. COVID-19 pandemic has massively impacted human health. We studied effect of COVID-19 on outcome of DFUs. Method(s): We recruited 483 people with DFU from June 2020-April 2022 (pandemic group) together with a matched group of 227 people with DFU from March 2019-March 2020 (pre-pandemic group). Matching was done with respect to glycemic control (Average HbA1c in pandemic group 9.15%;pre-pandemic group 8.92%), and renal status. Primary endpoint was outcome of ulcers- healed or undergone amputation. Primary outcome was further sub analyzed in the 3 waves of COVID-19 Secondary endpoint was healing of individual types of DFUs. Basic anthropometric data with site, nature and Wegner's grading of DFUs were collected. Diagnosis of peripheral neuropathy was done by monofilament testing and peripheral arterial disease by handheld Doppler and ABI. Standardized treatment protocol including glycemic control, infection control, debridement, dressing, offloading was provided. All patients were monitored for >6 months. Result(s): In pandemic cohort of 483 patients 323(66.9%) patients had healed ulcers, 70(14.5%) had minor amputation, 11(2,2%) had major amputation, 29(6%) lost to follow up, 22(4.6%) had not healed and 28 are in follow up (5.8%). Rate of healing of DFU in pandemic group was higher (66.9%) than control group (53.5%). Similarly, rate of amputation in pandemic group was less (16.7%) than pre-pandemic group (23.4%). Among healed ulcers in pandemic group, non-infected neuropathic ulcers healed better (77.8%;199/256) than other types (54.6%;124/227) [p< 0.00001]. Similarly, rate of amputation (major/minor) in ischemic and neuroischemic ulcers in pandemic group was more (32.3%;11/34) than other types (15.6%;70/449) [p= 0.011]. Rate of healing of foot ulcers in 1st wave was 65.4% (53/81), 2nd wave 75.2% (158/210), 3rd wave 58.3% (112/192). Neuropathic ulcers though less prevalent in first two waves (49.8%;145/291) than 3rd wave (57.8%;111/192) healing rate was more in first two (79.3%;115/145 vs 75.6%;84/111). [p=0.488 (statistically not significant]. Ischemic and neuroischemic ulcers were more in 3rd wave (7.8%;15/192) than first two waves (6.5%;19/291) and undergone more amputation (46.7%;7/15 vs 15.7%;3/19). [p=0.58 (statistically not significant;due to small sample size]. Discussion/Conclusion: COVID-19 pandemic (mainly first two waves) accounted for travel restrictions contributing to better healing of neuropathic ulcers whereas ischemic and neuroischemic ulcers worsened and underwent more amputation as patients could not seek intervention. Conversely, in third wave withdrawal of COVID restrictions lead to worsening of DFUs leading to less healing and more amputation.Copyright © 2023
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In recent years, the interaction of people with the surrounding ecological environment has become increasingly unsafe for health, namely the person' physical and mental capabilities. This is especially true of the younger generation, like students of higher educational institutions, who have weakened immunity due to a busy study schedule, constant mental overload and stress. That is, health, as a sign of the quality of life of a student, is associated with the ecological situation and lifestyle, therefore, is one of the main concepts of human ecology. The influence of additional negative factors, such as stress and restrictions associated with the Covid-19 pandemic, greatly increases the risk of developing students' mental health problems. Unexpected isolation related to Covid-19 has caused disruption to daily routines, especially in students. The sudden change in the learning environment and limited social interactions and activities posed an unusual situation for children's developing brains. The study aim is to investigate and identify the psychological threats posed by students of different ages (under 20, between 21-25, and 26-32) in this pandemic of COVID-19. It was found that 28.0% of students were often nervous and stressed in the age group under 20, in contrast to 26.5% and 11.1% in groups 21 to 25 and over 26, respectively. In the younger group of students, 10.2% of students never felt upset, in the group of 21-25 years old - 8.3% and over 26 years old - 5.6%. It was concluded that it is mandatory to assess the student's psychological health and to plan for necessary support mechanisms, mainly during the recovery phase, because depression, stress, fear of getting infected, fear of losing a loved one, fear about getting jobs and related academic issues, disturbance in sleeping pattern, increase in duration of screen time, etc., were found to be common among students of all age groups.
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Plants store a variety of important secondary metabolites with pharmacognostic and pharmacological implications, some of which have the potential to become super medicines in the future. In-vivo generation of these metabolites is influenced bya number of biotic and abiotic factors resulting in a constant accumulation of various phytochemicals and their derivatives that could be relevant in future medication research and development. There are over 70,000 plant species are employed ethnomedicinally in various ancient medical systems such as Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani, as well as in Allopathy. The goal of this study is to look into the therapeutic potential of secondary metabolites as well as the probable pharmacological and pharmacognostic significance of the under-explored/underutilized plant Hyptissuaveolens (L.) Poit.Almost all parts of this plant are being employed in conventional drug to treat various diseases. It has been reported that it shows protection against peptic ulcer diseases and has anti-cancerous properties. The leaves of Hyptissuaveolenssecreted essential oil by hydrodistillation have been linked to the genus Hyptis' broad range of biological activity. It contains phytochemicals like alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, minerals (like calcium, magnesium, sodium) and metals (like zinc and iron). The ursolic acid found in H. suaveolens can be used as a COVID-19 virus treatment agent. In addition, the ethnobotanical study claims that the beneficial plant has neuroprotective, antioxidant, antibacterial, antidiarrhoeal, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, insecticidal, antimitotic, anti-proliferative, antisecretory, hepatoprotective, and acaricidal properties. The phytochemicals and extracts obtained from the plant have a great deal of therapeutic promise. As a result, we can use this plant for a variety of purposes.
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Ever since an anonymous disease broke out in late 2019, the whole world seems to have own ceased functioning. COVID-19 patients are proliferating at an exponential rate, straining healthcare systems around the world. Traditional techniques of screening every patient with a respiratory disease is unfeasible due to the restricted number of testing kits available. We presented a method for recognizing COVID-19 infected patients utilizing data collected from chest X-ray scans to overcome this challenge. This attempt will benefit both patients and doctors significantly. It becomes even more critical in nations where the number of people affected far outnumbers the number of laboratory kits available to test the disease. When current systems are confused whether to retain the patient on the ward with other patients or isolate them in COVID-19 zones, this could be useful in an inpatient setting. Apart from that, it would aid in the identification of patients with a high risk of COVID-19 and a false negative RT-PCR who would require a repeat. Most of the COVID-19 detection methods use traditional image classification models. This has the issue of low detection accuracy and incorrect COVID-19 detection. This method starts with a chest x-ray enhancement procedure like this: Rotation, translation, random conversion. The survey's accuracy has considerably increased as a result of this. For the COVID-19 infection, our model has 97.5 percent accuracy and 100 percent sensitivity (recall). In addition, we used a visualization technique that distinguishes our model from the others by displaying contaminated areas in X-ray pictures. © 2022 IEEE.
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A digital voting system is a process that allows people to vote while sitting at their homes and is based on their face recognition identification. The votes will be counted and saved in a blockchain-based structure which is secure and immutable, thus giving availability with security in a system. The traditional voting system does not allow people to vote sitting at their home. Considering the situation of covid, everything is going digital. Questions on EVM from losing parties regarding some malfunctioning. Copyright © 2022, IGI Global.
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Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore the factors influencing the happiness of customers of two global coffee food chains through qualitative research in the post pandemic era. Unlike existing studies, this study will compare and examine the differential points between two global coffee food chains so that others can improve their strategies to improve their competitiveness. Design/methodology/approach: It is qualitative research employing sentiment analysis through "Sprinkler Software” to assess the sentiment of customers of Starbucks and Barista followed by focus interviews through the same customers who have visited both Starbucks and Barista. Findings: The results showed that most important factors which motivate customers and make them happy to go for "Starbucks” or "Barista” are ambience, store location, quality of product offerings and service quality. Value for money, quality of products and service quality are the top three variables affecting the customers and have rated Starbucks better than Barista on these parameters. The happiness level of the same customers who have visited both the coffee chains is more with Starbucks compared to Barista. Originality/value: This research contributes to better understanding the effects of different marketing strategies adopted by coffee chain stores and can provide direction to Barista and other coffee chains. The stimulus-organism-response (SOR) model in coffee chain store application is an additional contribution to existing knowledge. Highlights: Most important factors which motivate customers and make them happy to go for "Starbucks” or "Barista” are ambience, store location, quality of product offerings and service quality. Value for money, quality of products and service quality are the top three variables affecting the customers and have rated Starbucks better than Barista on these parameters. The happiness level of the same customers who have visited both the coffee chains are more with Starbuck compared to that of Barista. This is significant and can give direction to Barista and other coffee chains through learning from this research. Using the extended SOR model, we explain the variation in response in the happiness level of customers of two coffee chains. In order to give an insight into the strategies adopted by Starbucks and Barista in emerging markets, a comparison of the happiness levels of clients of both coffee chains is presented. This original research can help coffee chains improve their return on investment. The SOR model in coffee chain store application is an additional contribution to existing knowledge. © 2023, Emerald Publishing Limited.
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With the global death toll nearing 3.3 million, India being amongst the top 4 countries, the condition is more than fearsome. World Health Organization (WHO) recommends one doctor per 1000 population ratio, but India lags it by one doctor to 1456 people, which sets a lot of pressure on the healthcare system. Traditional remedies are becoming increasingly popular in India as a re-sult of the lack of a proper medical system. Due to the rich diversity of medicinal herbs and drugs, India has been managing health issues with its 5000 years old medication system. Amidst all this, the traditional medicine system has given relief to plenty of diseases and remains the primary de-fence system against COVID-19. Therefore, COVID-19 is also managed by its different medicinal systems, which are collectively known as the AYUSH regime. It had been a recognized system to tackle diseases in the past. In this mini-review, we performed a deep study of the Indian traditional medicine system in managing the COVID-19 situation.Copyright © 2023 Bentham Science Publishers.
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Purpose: The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about several changes in the regular life of consumers. One such field is eGrocery, where a surge in online grocery orders were seen when the nation was on lockdown. The purpose of this study is to study the impact of COVID-19 on eGrocery and to find a relation between consumer's demographic characteristics and the satisfaction level of ordering groceries online. Design/methodology/approach: The author has conducted primary research by doing a survey online. One hundred sixty diverse responses were received, which were further analyzed using SPSS software and visually represented through Tableau. Findings: The paper finds that demographic variables, especially gender and age, affect consumers' behavior while making online grocery purchases. Findings also reveal there is a difference among the five recognized attributes, Convenient Delivery Slots, Better Deals/Discounts, Cash free transactions, Return policy, and social distancing, before and during the lockdown. We also find that respondents leaned towards brick and mortar stores for their grocery shopping before the outbreak and more towards eGrocery platforms such as BigBasket (45%), Zomato (25%) during the pandemic. Originality/value: The main contribution of this paper is to analyze the behavior of consumers during the pandemic of 2020. Currently, not many relevant papers are there for reference. This paper can serve as a reference for the students who opt for a similar topic, want to study, and write on the COVID-19 outbreak.
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India is in the second position in terms of population and the third-worstaffected country in the world in the total number of confirmed COVID- 19 cases. COVID-19 was marked by low case fatality rates and strong recovery rates in India, as well as an increase in public-private partnerships in the health sector. Technological advancements have aided in the containment of this epidemic. The virus's growth rate was halted by an early lockdown policy, however, super events are increasing infection rates due to the breakdown of COVID protocol behavior. This COVID-19 pandemic is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It contributes to worldwide healthcare issues and overstretched healthcare resources. As the people recovering from this disease, it is of utmost importance to establish knowledge of healthcare issues surrounding them. COVID-19 is a multi-organ disease and there are reports of permanent and prolonged effects of this disease. So it is very important to understand COVID-19, the post-COVID effect and the status of the administration and individuals dealing with this situation. The present chapter discusses the knowledge regarding COVID-19, various post-COVID-19 symptoms reported all over the world, especially in India in terms of professional status, financial status, mental status and status of the government and people dealing with this pandemic situation. © 2022 Nova Science Publishers, Inc..
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Cities around the world have traditionally dealt with a wide array of natural and human-made risks and hazards. Annually, this results in significant human and economic losses in urban areas. As climate change is expected to further increase the frequency and intensity of adverse events, and other adverse events such as the recent COVID-19 pandemic may also hit cities again in the future, cities around the world increasingly recognize the importance of building on urban resilience to minimize vulnerabilities and enhance resistance, absorption, recovery and adaptation capacities. The rapid advances in smart city solutions enabled by information and communication technologies have also provided cities with more tools and opportunities to deal with adverse events. There is a vast body of literature on both smart city and urban resilience. However, the concept of smart city resilience has received limited attention in the literature. To fill this gap, in this chapter, we first provide overviews of the underlying principles of the smart city and urban resilience concepts. Next, we explain how adopting integrated approaches that simultaneously consider both smartness and resilience can help cities take more effective and efficient efforts toward dealing with adverse events, enhancing quality of life and ensuring transition toward sustainable development. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a strain of coronavirus that causes COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), has been responsible for a respiratory tract disease which has taken the proportion of the pandemic (COVID-19) ravaging the planet for last 2 and half year. The COVID-19 pandemic has been responsible for about sixty-one million deaths and about 500 million infections worldwide. The medication of infected individuals has been mainly cantered around repurposing of available known antiviral drugs, immunosuppressor/ immunomodulator drugs, monoclonal antibody concoctions and various vaccines as prophylaxis measures. Use phytometabolites in studies have been found to very effective in counter the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binding sites, the main step to virus attack on the respiratory epithelial cells. Lichen secondary metabolites are well known for their antimicrobial, immunomodulator and antiviral activities. Current study was done to assess the spike protein binding capabilities of some lichen secondary metabolites of SARS-CoV-2 (Wuhan strain) spike protein binding sites using in-silico docking modelling. The study found that some of the lichen metabolites such as Cryptostictic acid and Quaesitic acid were effective in blocking the target cell recognising regions of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and can be effectively developed as therapeutic medicine.
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Prior experience of both thefinancial crisis and the first signs of the social and labour market consequences during the present pandemic give idea that the COVID 19 crisis is going to have a diverse impact on migrants and the children of them.This reviewexplores the impact of the COVID 19 pandemic on migration. The speedy spread of the pandemic has captured shocked nations around the world, leading to widespread lockdowns that limit mobility, business activity and social interaction. In India, pandemics have created a serious "mobility crisis" and migrant workers in many major cities are returning to their places of origin. Thiers is desperate endeavours to come back to home by available means invalidated the blockade in some areas, leading to clashes with authorities and ultimately transportation arrangements. This article is aimed to point out on the vulnerabilities of Indian migrants and their children in terms of gender, and mental health. Apart from this, it critically analyses the impediments of public policies in bargaining with immigrants and implies future recommendations.
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Background In a situation of COVID 19 pandemic subjects suffering from osteoarthritis pain will be suffering from mental and physical symptoms due to lockdown and there will be difficulty to assess the healthcare facility. According to the World Mental Health Atlas (2014), the number of psychiatrist per lakh of population in India was 0.75, with even lesser number of psychologists and psychiatric social workers. Even the median number of psychiatrists is only 0.2/100,000 in India as opposed to a global median of 3/100,000 population. Telepsychiatry can bring about a revolution as in capacity building by leveraging digital technology in the present situation. This study helps to find those KOA subjects who are suffering depression and to improve their quality of life by providing them aids of treatment. Aims and Objectives Aim To study the health-related quality of life and depression in subjects with knee osteoarthritis pain. Objectives PRIMARY 1. To study the health-related quality of life in older adult subjects with knee osteoarthritis pain. 2.To study the severity of depression in older adult subjects with knee osteoarthritis pain. SECONDARY 1.To study the relation between health-related quality of life and knee osteoarthritis pain in older adult subjects. 2.To study the relation between knee osteoarthritis pain and depression. 3.To study the relation between health-related quality of life and depression among studied older adult subjects. Methods Subjects aged more than 50 full filling selection criteria are recruited from the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, KGMU, Lucknow. 1.Mobile numbers of subjects from the records available in the department of Orthopaedics were collected from JANUARY 2018 to JANUARY 2020 2.Subjects those who were on treatment for knee osteoarthritis from the department of Orthopaedic Surgery were contacted over telephone and recruited according to the selection criteria for the study. Call was recorded after taking consent. 3.Subjects were contacted during the daytime 10 am -2pm. If patients subjects and attenders were not comfortable with the time, they were asked for the suitable time to contact them. 4.Subjects were approached for three times. If not answering for three times they were considered as out of reach 5.Survey was completed in maximum 2 sessions,15 minutes each if the subject was not comfortable in answering in a single session. 6.Proper introduction of doctor calling them was given to the subjects and attenders and the purpose of telephone call was informed to the subjects and attenders. 7.After the informed consent which has been recorded on the telephone subjects were interviewed on the basis of sociodemographic questionnaire. 8.Following basic interview subjects were evaluated using scales which includes PHQ-9, SF-12 and WOMAC. 9.HR QOL was measured by SF-12 which includes general health, limitation of activities, physical health, emotional health and social activities. 10.PHQ-9 to assess the diagnosis and severity of depression was applied. 11.WOMAC scale was applied which gives the status of pain, stiffness and physical disabilities. 12.Each assessment took 20-30 minutes. All the answers given over phone were recorded by the principal investigator. 13.If subjects and attenders, ask for advice regarding the treatment were addressed properly following guidance from consultants. 14.For the subjects with depression, advice was given to consult the geriatric mental health helpline number of KGMU. 15.Subjects were divided into 2 main groups depressed and non-depressed and also divided into three groups based on KL grading into KL grade 2, KL grade 3 and KL grade 4 and further analysis was done accordingly. Ethics UNIVERSITY ETHICS COMMITTEE-103rd ECM II B-Thesis/P24, N0;1391/Ethics/2020 Results Results showed that there is significant difference in pain and general health related quality of life based on the KL grading of Knee osteoarthritis.(P=0.02,P=0.04)There is significant difference in pain between males and females and females have more severity of pain,(p=0.001) Am ng the depressed and non-depressed group, depressed group have more pain ,(P=0.026) There is significant difference in pain based on duration of Knee osteoarthritis, (p=0.05).There is significant difference in physical function between depressed and non- depressed group, depressed group having more physical dysfunction. There is significant association between stiffness and health related quality of life, P=0.001. Pain is positively correlated with depression,(P=0.001). Study concluded that pain and general health related quality of life worsens with higher grading of Knee osteoarthritis. Pain is more in females and depressed group. Physical function is lesser in depressed group. As stiffness increases health related quality of life decreases. Pain increases as the duration of Knee osteoarthritis increases and pain is correlated with pain. Discussion Depression in the elderly may emerge because of general medical illnesses, especially those, such as OA, that cause prolonged suffering, leading the patient to physical disability and loss of autonomy. The impact of depression is important, since depressed individuals are more likely to report chronic pain, or pain of greater intensity. This fact can be a complicating factor in the process of treatment adherence and may still increase the perception of pain. The depressive disorder, when associated with physical illness, can cause the emergence of anxiety symptoms. Women have higher rates of depression, anxiety and need family support and it is more common in age above 60. Conclusion The studies previously done ordinarily incorporate pain and function scores however have not regularly included psychosocial factors evaluating QoL, which likewise impacts how patients feel, work, and endurance. Study concluded that there is significant difference in pain and general health related quality of life based on the KL grading of KOA. Pain and general health related quality of life worsens with higher grading of KOA. There is significant difference in pain between males and females and depressed and non-depressed group. Pain is more in females and depressed group. There is significant difference in physical function between depressed and non-depressed group. Physical function is lesser in depressed group. There is significant difference in pain based on duration of Knee osteoarthritis. Pain increases as the duration of KOA increases. As stiffness increases health related quality of life decreases. Pain is positively correlated with depression. 73rd Annual National Conference of Indian Psychiatric Society 2022 January 20 - 23, Vizag Conventions, PM Palem, Visakhapatnam Theme : Bridging Minds... Connecting Generations
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The proposed research aims at the analysis of spread of coronavirus and factors that contributed significantly in the rise or fall of death rate by correlating it with various social indicators. We will be using data analytics and visualization techniques to get significant insights from data collected from World Health Organization (WHO), John Hopkins University and other data repositories and reputable sources. © 2021 IEEE.
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The present review attempts to critically examine and evaluate research findings on mushrooms as sources of vitamin D and other nutraceuticals. Recently, there is a growing concern about diseases associated with the deficiency of vitamin D in humans. As people tend to stay indoors, in present times, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, vitamin D levels are further affected. Research indicates vitamin D as a promising defensive or therapeutic agent against COVID, making this review more crucial. Mushrooms, as a rich source of vitamin D along with various bioactive compounds, perform a significant role in resolving health issues. Robust analyses of various strategies for enhancing vitamin D content in mushrooms holds significance in this study;moreover, this will help stakeholders of the mushroom industry in enriching the overall mushroom quality and human health. Mushroom-based medicinal formulations and functional foods serve to deliver vitamins and nutrients to humans, thus helping to combat malnutrition and other health problems, especially in developing countries. Evidence from pre-clinical and clinical analyses suggests that vitamin D2 bioavailability in mushrooms is comparable with vitamin D from other sources. The review also emphasises molecular findings from mushrooms related to genes responsible for morphology and metabolic production of pro-vitamin-D2.
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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a contagious virus that spreads exponentially across the world, resulting in serious viral pneumonia. Several companies and researchers have put their tremendous effort into developing novel vaccines or drugs for the complete eradication of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2. Bionanotechnology plays a vital role in designing functionalized biocompatible nanoparticulate systems with higher antiviral capabilities. Thus, several nanocarriers have been explored in designing and delivering drugs and vaccines. This problem can be overcome with the intervention of biomaterials or bionanoparticles. The present review describes the comparative analysis of SARS infection and its associated etiological agents. This review also highlighted some nanoparticles that have been explored in the treatment of COVID-19. However, these carriers elicit several problems once they come in contact with biological systems. Often, the body’s immune system treats these nanocarriers as foreign particles and antigens. In contrast, some bionanoparticles are highlighted here with their potential application in SARS-CoV-2. However, bionanoparticles have demonstrated some drawbacks discussed here with the possible outcomes. The scope of bioinspired nanoparticles is also discussed in detail to explore the new era of research. It is highly essential for the effective delivery of these nanoparticles to the target site. For effective management of SARS-CoV-2, different delivery patterns are also discussed here. Copyright © 2022 Debnath and Srivastava.
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Purpose: This paper studied the effects of music plus fragrance or music alone on consumer purchase behaviour, footfalls and repeat visits to retail stores in the context of the mall. Design/methodology/approach: A primary research was conducted through a structured questionnaire. A field study was conducted in two malls that attract the maximum crowd. The data from 250 respondents were analysed in total. Findings: As per the present study, the combination of playing music with fragrance is more effective compared to playing music or fragrance alone on shopping behaviour, footfalls and repeat visits in retail stores in emerging markets like India. Research limitations/implications: The study is more confined to a comparative study of the effectiveness of music with or without fragrance on consumer purchase behaviour and footfalls in retail stores located in malls. In view of research design, this could be a limitation of the study as types of music and other ambiance factors are not considered. The present study can be extended to religion as the religiosity of respondents may give a different response. The urban respondents may vary when compared to rural consumers. Therefore, the study can be extended by adding the rural or A-city mall or smaller malls in big cities. Research can be extended in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) era to see if there is a change in consumer behaviour. It can also be extended to consumer's preference for different music and different fragrances. Practical implications: This paper provides marketing managers and retail owners with valuable insights on the importance of using music with fragrance in retail stores to create unique consumer experiences in emerging markets that are different from developed countries. Managers should try to create both music, and fragrance in the store to improve purchase intention, and stay longer. To ensure that the planned music and fragrance approach creates the ambiance for consumers, marketing managers are advised to conduct market research. Special care should be taken for younger visitors to the store by creating the right ambiance. The present research will help many offline retailers' managers to strive for new competitive advantages through creating favourable shopping environments by understanding cultural differences. Originality/value: The research gives direction to use music with a fragrance in the retail ambiance in the malls which will lead to improved consumer purchase, more footfalls, repeat visits and staying longer in emerging markets like India, which is a destination for global brands. Integration of three models of impulse buying (Rook and Fisher, 1995), individualism and collectivism (Triandis, 1995) and stimulus–organism–response (S–O–R) model of Mehrabian and Russell (1974) is used to explain the complex behaviour of consumers towards more purchases and repeat visits. The study will shed light on the quandary that retailers in the organised sector face in emerging markets such as India regarding the use of music and fragrance, as well as the impact on purchase behaviour, footfalls and repeat visits. © 2022, Emerald Publishing Limited.
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The research on the disease COVID-19 is an ongoing process since its outbreak as a pandemic. The repurposing of existing approved drugs has received priority attention due to some promising results obtained regarding COVID-19. In this article, some of the important chemical methodologies adopted for the synthesis of umifenovir, (s)-cidofovir, ribavirin, and ruxolitinib have been dis-cussed. The repurposing of these approved drugs has received priority attention due to some promising results obtained regarding COVID-19 and some drugs are under more therapeutic trials. This manuscript has highlighted the synthetic strategies of four heterocyclic-based approved drugs, umifenovir, (s)-cidofovir, ribavirin, and ruxolitinib, repurposed for the treatment of COVID-19. © 2022 Bentham Science Publishers.